Self-Organized States from Solutions of Active Ring Polymers in Bulk and under Confinement.

In the present work, we study, by means of numerical simulations, the structural and dynamical behavior of a suspension of active ring polymers in bulk and under lateral confinement. At high activity, when changing the distance between the confining planes and the polymers' density, we identify the emergence of a self-organized dynamical state, characterized by the coexistence of slowly diffusing clusters of rotating disks and faster rings moving in between them. We further assess that self-organization is robust in a range of polymer sizes, and we identify a critical value of the activity, necessary to trigger cluster formation. This system has distinctive features resembling at the same time polymers, liquid crystals, and active systems, where the interplay between activity, topology, and confinement leads to a spontaneous segregation in an initially one-component solution.

Saturated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell system and effect on dissolved oxygen gradient, electricity generation and ammonium removal.

The aim of this work was to assess effect of saturated constructed wetland-Microbial fuel cell system on dissolved oxygen gradient, electricity generation and ammonium removal. Two laboratory-scale systems, one planted with Schoenoplectus californicus (SCW1-MFC) and other without plant (SCW2-MFC), were fed discontinuously with synthetic wastewater over 90 days. Both systems were operated at different organic loading rate (12 and 28 g COD/m2d) and ammonium loading rate (1.6 and 3.0 g NH4+- N/m2 d) under open circuit and close circuit mode. The results indicate that between lower and upper zones of wetlands the average values were in the range of 1.22 ± 0.32 to 1.39 ± 0.27 mg O2/L in SCW1-MFC and 1.28 ± 0.24 to 1.56 ± 0.31 mg O2/L in SCW2-MFC. The effect of operating mode (closed and open circuit) and vegetation on DO was not significant (p > 0.05). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies, fluctuated between 90 and 95% in the SCW1-MFC and 82 and 94% in the SCW2-MFC system. Regarding NH4+- N, removal efficiencies were above 85% in both systems reaching values maximus 98%. The maximum power density generated was 4 and 10 mW/m2 in SCW1-MFC, while SCW2-MFC recorded the highest values (12 and 22 mW/m2).

Fruit Peels as a Sustainable Waste for the Biosorption of Heavy Metals in Wastewater: A Review.

One of the environmental challenges that is currently negatively affecting the ecosystem is the continuous discharge of untreated industrial waste into both water sources and soils. For this reason, one of the objectives of this qualitative study of exploratory-descriptive scope was the review of scientific articles in different databases-Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct-published from 2010 to 2021 on the use of fruit peels as a sustainable waste in the removal of heavy metals present in industrial wastewater. For the selection of articles, the authors used the PRISMA guide as a basis, with which 210 publications were found and 93 were compiled. Considering the reported work, a content analysis was carried out using NVivo 12 Plus and VOSviewer 1.6.17 software. The results show that the fruits mentioned in these publications are lemon, banana, mango, tree tomato, pineapple, passion fruit, orange, coconut, avocado, apple, lulo, and tangerine. However, no studies were found with lulo and tree tomato peels. On the other hand, the heavy metals removed with the selected fruit peels were Pb+2, Cr+3, Cr+6, Ni+2, Cd+2, As+5, Cu+2, and Zn+2.

Desorption of Coffee Pulp Used as an Adsorbent Material for Cr(III and VI) Ions in Synthetic Wastewater: A Preliminary Study.

Some of the diverse agro-industrial waste generated in primary or secondary stages have proved to be promising biomaterials for treating aqueous effluents contaminated, in this case, with heavy metals. Therefore, it is necessary to know their optimal operating conditions and the regeneration or reusability of the solid by-product, an aspect related to desorption. Considering the above, this article presents the findings of a preliminary study related to the desorption process of coffee pulp without physicochemical modification (Castilla variety), an agricultural waste used as a sorbent of Cr(III and VI) ions in synthetic wastewater. The desorption efficiency of four eluting agents at defined concentrations (0.10M)-HC1, HNO3, H2SO4, and EDTA-was evaluated in a time interval of 1 to 9 days. Likewise, the proposals for the sorption and/or desorption mechanisms proposed and reported in the literature with respect to the use of biosorbents derived from the coffee crop are presented. With respect to the results, the coffee pulp used in previous studies of the adsorption of chromium species mentioned (optimal conditions in synthetic water of particle size 180 µm, dose 20 g·L-1, agitation 100 RPM, room temperature, time of 90 to 105 min) showed efficiencies in the removal of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) of 93.26% and 74.80%, respectively. Regarding the extracting substances used, H2SO4 0.10 M was the one that presented the highest desorption percentage in both chromic species, with a desorption of 45.75% Cr(VI) and 66.84% Cr(III) in periods of 5 and 9 days, respectively, with agitation of 100 RPM and room temperature. Finally, the dissemination of preliminary results on the desorption of coffee pulp contaminated with chromic species without physicochemical modification is novel in this study, as similar work with this specific material has not yet been reported in the literature. On the other hand, the limitations of the study and future research are related to the evaluation at different concentrations and of other extractor solutions that allow improving the efficiency of desorption of these chemical species in a shorter time from the coffee pulp (with and without modification) as well as the reuse cycles. As a result, the desorption of coffee pulp used as an adsorbent material in real water could help researchers identify the possible interfering factors that affect the process (foreign anions and cations, organic matter, environmental conditions, among others).

Perioperative chemotherapy in locally advanced gastric cancer in Chile: from evidence to daily practice.

Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer death in Chile. Although recommended in international guidelines since 2006, perioperative chemotherapy was not available to patients in the public health system in Chile until 2016. We conducted an observational study to assess the feasibility of this strategy in public hospitals in Chile (Observational Study of Perioperative Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer - PRECISO). Patients with locally advanced, operable GC were offered to receive preoperative chemotherapy with Epirubicin + Cisplatin + Capecitabine (ECX) for three cycles followed by curative surgery. Staging included abdominal CT scan and laparoscopy if peritoneal carcinomatosis was suspected. Postoperative ECX for three cycles was recommended. Between August 2010 and March 2013, 110 patients were screened and 61 enrolled. Median age was 62 years (23-76 years) and most patients had good performance status at baseline (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score (ECOG) 0: 42, ECOG 1: 19). Tumour site was proximal in 32 (52%) and medial and distal in 29 (48%) patients. All but four patients (n = 57, 93%) completed three cycles of preoperative chemotherapy. Fifty-six patients were operated and 54 (89%) had a curative resection. Thirty-three patients (54%) had pT0-2, and 18 (30%) had pN0 tumours, with two patients achieving a complete response. As of 20 December 2020, 39 patients died, 32 due to GC, one within 30 days of surgery, two due to intestinal obstruction at 5 and 3 months after surgery and four due to other causes. Five-year survival rate was 38%. We conclude that perioperative chemotherapy is feasible in public hospitals in Chile and should be offered to patients with locally advanced GC.

[Helicobacter pylori infection detected during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy]. / Disminución en la frecuencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori en endoscopías digestivas altas.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (HP) is the most widespread chronic human infection worldwide and the most important pathogenic factor of gastric cancer. The calculated prevalence at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile from 2002 to 2005 was 44.9%. AIM: To determine the current prevalence of HP in patients undergoing an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGI) and analyze its distribution according to age and endoscopic findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed 3.433 UGI performed during the year 2015, selecting those in which rapid urease test (RUT) was done. A positive RUT or a positive gastric biopsy (GB) were considered as HP infection. RESULTS: RUT was done in 1862 UGI (55%) performed in patients aged 51 ± 17 years, (66% women). In 23% of these endoscopies, the RUT was positive. A GB was obtained 43% of endoscopies and 30% were positive for HP. In 105 patients the RUT was negative and the GB positive (rendering a 19.5% false negative rate). HP was detected by RUT and GB in 29% of endoscopies. The highest prevalence of infection (38.1%) was found between 40 and 49 years. HP infection had odds ratio of 4.24 for nodular gastropathy, 2.63 for gastric ulcer and 2.14 for duodenal ulcer (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HP prevalence in our center decreased significantly from 44.9% to 28.9% in 11 years. False negative RUT results may bias this finding. The use of proton pump inhibitors and antimicrobials that can interfere with the detection of HP should be registered to properly analyze the results of the RUT.

Uso del topiramato en pacientes con síndrome de dolor lumbar crónico con síntomas ansiosos y depresivos secundarios a sensibilización central con y sin compromiso neuropático resistente a tratamiento convencional / Use of topiramato in patients with chronic lumbar pain syndrome with ansiosius symptoms and secondary depression to central sensitization with and without neuro-pathic commitment resistant to conventional treatment

INTRODUCCIÓN: El dolor lumbar crónico genera alta disfuncionalidad, su tratamiento es complejo y en algunos casos se presenta refractariedad a tratamientos convencionales. El síndrome de sensibilización central por dolor lumbar involucra presencia de síntomas ansiosos, depresivos, trastorno del sueño, fatiga, alteraciones del apetito y disfuncionalidad en actividades de la vida diaria. El manejo del dolor lumbar crónico con síndrome de sensibilización central es dificultoso, requiere de intervenciones multidimensionales y esquemas farmacológicos atípicos. OBJETIVO: Se describe el uso de topiramato como fármaco coadyuvante en el manejo de pacientes con dolor lumbar crónico resistente a tratamiento standard en 25 pacientes. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Seguimiento a 12 semanas y evaluación de funcionalidad, sintomatología ansiosa-depresiva, control del dolor y fatiga a través de múltiples escalas. Resultados: La dosis mediana fue de 300mg. El 72 por ciento (18 pacientes) presenta mejoría estadística en síntomas angustiosos, depresivos, sueño, EVA de dolor y fatiga y funcionalidad. Solo el 16 por ciento (4 pac) presentan reacciones adversas que obligan a suspensión del fármaco. El 12 por ciento (3 pacientes) no presentaron respuesta terapéutica. DISCUSIÓN: El topiramato podría ser una opción coadyuvante para el manejo del síndrome de dolor lumbar crónico con síndrome de sensibilización central.

INTRODUCTION: The chronic low back pain causes severe dysfunction, treatment is complex and in some cases it can be refractory to usual treatment. Central Sensitivity syndrome secondary to chronic low back pain is characterized by anxious, depressive, sleep disorders, fatigue, eating disorders and damage in daily activities life. Management of this syndrome must be integrative and multidimensional. OBJECTIVES: Describe the use of topiramate in 25 patients with chronic low back pain for pain relief in refractory patients to standard treatment, during 12 weeks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following during 12 weeks, multiples Assessments about anxiety, depression, functionality, sleep quality, VAS pain and fatigue. Results: Median doses 300mg. 72 percent got pain relief, and decrease in anxious depressive symptoms, improve sleep quality, daily function. 16 percent didn't get pain relief and suffered adverse effects forcing suspension of the drug. 12 percent didn't get pain relief without adverse effects. DISCUSSION: Topiramate might be a treatment option for pain relief in these patients.

Survey of chronic pain in Chile - prevalence and treatment, impact on mood, daily activities and quality of life.

Background and aims The prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain has not been specifically reported in Chile. Methods In order to assess its prevalence and impact, we designed a tool based on previously published survey studies. We analyzed a sample of 784 subjects to determine the prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain, with a maximum variability of 50%, a confidence interval (CI) of 95%, and an estimation error of 3.5%. Finally, a cross-sectional cell phone survey was conducted on a nationally representative probability sample of 865 subjects of over 18 years, in November 2013. The prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain was estimated by using expansion factors according to national projections by age group and gender, from the Chilean National Institute of Statistics for the year 2010. Results The estimated prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain was 32.1% (95% CI: 26.5-36.0). The respondents with chronic non-cancer pain presented the following results: 65.7% had moderate pain, and 20.8%, severe pain; 65.6% had somatic pain, 31.7% neuropathic pain, and 2.7% visceral pain. Approximately 70% reported they were receiving some kind of pharmacological treatment with certain frequency. In 64.9%, medication was prescribed by a physician. The prevalence of sick leave in workers was 30.22%, with a median duration of 14 days (interquartile range: 14; range: 1-60). Conclusions Chronic non-oncological pain occurs in 32% of Chilean adults. These figures provide the first measurement of chronic non-cancer pain in the Chilean population. Implications Chronic non-oncological pain impact as a public health problem is revealed, given the high prevalence found, and the elevated private and social costs involved.

Disminución en la frecuencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori en endoscopías digestivas altas / Helicobacter pylori infection detected during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

Background: Helicobacter pylori (HP) is the most widespread chronic human infection worldwide and the most important pathogenic factor of gastric cancer. The calculated prevalence at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile from 2002 to 2005 was 44.9%. Aim: To determine the current prevalence of HP in patients undergoing an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGI) and analyze its distribution according to age and endoscopic findings. Material and Methods: We reviewed 3.433 UGI performed during the year 2015, selecting those in which rapid urease test (RUT) was done. A positive RUT or a positive gastric biopsy (GB) were considered as HP infection. Results: RUT was done in 1862 UGI (55%) performed in patients aged 51 ± 17 years, (66% women). In 23% of these endoscopies, the RUT was positive. A GB was obtained 43% of endoscopies and 30% were positive for HP. In 105 patients the RUT was negative and the GB positive (rendering a 19.5% false negative rate). HP was detected by RUT and GB in 29% of endoscopies. The highest prevalence of infection (38.1%) was found between 40 and 49 years. HP infection had odds ratio of 4.24 for nodular gastropathy, 2.63 for gastric ulcer and 2.14 for duodenal ulcer (p < 0.05). Conclusions: HP prevalence in our center decreased significantly from 44.9% to 28.9% in 11 years. False negative RUT results may bias this finding. The use of proton pump inhibitors and antimicrobials that can interfere with the detection of HP should be registered to properly analyze the results of the RUT.

Aporte de la biorremediación para solucionar problemas de contaminación y su relación con el desarrollo sostenible / Contribution of bioremediation to solve pollution problems and its relationship with sustainable development

Resumen Introducción: La biorremediación, se ha convertido en una alternativa atractiva y prometedora a las tradicionales técnicas físico-químicas para la remediación de los compuestos que contaminan el ambiente. Objetivo: Revisión sobre la aplicación de la biorremediación y su aporte en el al cumplimiento de uno de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo mediante la revisión documental sobre las posibilidades y limitaciones que presenta esta biotecnología en el tratamiento de problemas de contaminación. Resultados: Entre las principales tecnologías que se han registrado desde la década de 1970, la biorremediación ha demostrado ser rentable y eficiente en la remoción de determinados contaminantes. Conclusión: A pesar de los beneficios de las tecnologías de biorremediación, existen algunas dificultades en la aplicación debido a las restricciones impuestas por el sustrato y variabilidad ambiental, el potencial limitado de biodegradación y la viabilidad de los microorganismos de origen natural, entre otras.

Abstract Introduction: Bioremediation is an alternative to traditional physico-chemical techniques for the remediation of compounds that pollute the environment. Objective: To review the application of bioremediation and its contribution to the fulfillment of one of the objectives of sustainable development. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was made by means of documentary review about the possibilities and limitations of biotechnology in the treatment of problems of contamination. Results: Among the main technologies that have been registered since the decade of 1970, bioremediation has proven to be profitable and efficient in the removal of certain pollutants. Conclusions: Despite the benefits of bioremediation technologies, there are some difficulties in the application due to the restrictions imposed by the substrate and environmental variability, the limited potential of biodegradation and the viability of microorganisms of natural origin, among others.

Modelo de aprovechamiento sustentable de residuos sólidos orgánicos en Cundinamarca, Colombia / Model of sustainable utilization of organic solids waste in Cundinamarca, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: Este artículo considera una propuesta de un modelo de aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos orgánicos para el departamento de Cundinamarca, el cual responde a la necesidad de una herramienta que apoye en la toma de decisiones para la planificación y gestión de los residuos sólidos orgánicos. Objetivo: Realizar una aproximación de un modelo de optimización conceptual, técnico y matemático para el apoyo en la toma de decisiones con el fin de minimizar impactos ambientales. Materiales y métodos: El tipo de investigación aplicada en este trabajo se considera descriptiva, dado que se presentan algunas características fundamentales del fenómeno homogéneo estudiado y se considera adicionalmente cuasi experimental. El cálculo del modelo para plantas del departamento está basado en tres ejes (ambiental, económico y social), presentes en la ecuación general de optimización. Resultados: Se obtiene un modelo de aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos orgánicos en las técnicas de tratamiento biológico de compostaje aeróbico y lombricultivo, optimizando el sistema con el ahorro de emisiones de gases efecto invernadero emitidos a la atmósfera, y en la reducción total del costo de disposición final de residuos sólidos orgánicos en relleno sanitario. Basándose en el principio económico de utilidad que determina la viabilidad ambiental y sostenibilidad en las plantas de aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos orgánicos para el departamento, los abonos orgánicos como el compost y humus capturan carbono e nitrógeno que reducen las toneladas de CO2.

Abstract Introduction: This article considers a proposal of a model of use of organic solids waste for the department of Cundinamarca, which responds to the need for a tool to support decision-making for the planning and management of organic solids waste. Objective: To perform an approximation of a conceptual technical and mathematician optimization model to support decision-making in order to minimize environmental impacts. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was applied due to the fact that some fundamental characteristics of the studied homogeneous phenomenon are presented and it is also considered to be quasi experimental. The calculation of the model for plants of the department is based on three axes (environmental, economic and social), that are present in the general equation of optimization. Results: A model of harnessing organic solids waste in the techniques of biological treatment of composting aerobic and worm cultivation is obtained, optimizing the system with the emissions savings of greenhouse gases spread into the atmosphere, and in the reduction of the overall cost of final disposal of organic solids waste in sanitary landfill. Based on the economic principle of utility that determines the environmental feasibility and sustainability in the plants of harnessing organic solids waste to the department, organic fertilizers such as compost and humus capture carbon and nitrogen that reduce the tons of CO2.

Gestión ambiental en hospitales públicos: aspectos del manejo ambiental en Colombia / Environmental management in public hospitals: Environmental management in Colombia

Resumen Introducción. La actividad de los hospitales genera impactos ambientales que sin un manejo adecuado originan riesgos para la salud humana y ambiental; por esta razón, es necesaria una gestión ambiental hospitalaria que no solo se enfoque en el manejo de los residuos sólidos, sino que incluya todos los aspectos ambientales asociados a la actividad de las instituciones de salud. Objetivos. Revisar los aspectos de la gestión ambiental en los hospitales públicos para identificar alternativas de manejo ambiental y aspectos por mejorar. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cualitativo de corte descriptivo, con diseño transversal, que identifica algunas de las características más relevantes de la gestión ambiental en hospitales. Resultados. Se identificó que el enfoque generalizado de la gestión ambiental en los hospitales corresponde al manejo de los residuos sólidos hospitalarios y se descuidan otros aspectos que producen un impacto ambiental negativo en el ambiente próximo como consumo de energía, consumo de agua, manejo de alimentos y manejo de medicamentos, entre otros. Conclusiones. Los hospitales pueden aplicar instrumentos de gestión ambiental más amplios que incluyan análisis de ciclo de vida de sus servicios y productos, seguimiento a la huella de carbono y que tengan en cuenta las diferentes áreas de impacto ambiental de su operación.

Abstract Introduction: Activities in hospitals have environmental impacts which may pose risks to human and environmental health if they are not managed correctly. For this reason, it is necessary to implement an environmental management plan in hospitals that not only focuses on solid waste management but includes all aspects associated with health within institutions. Objective: To review environmental management aspects related to public hospitals in order to identify environmental management alternatives and aspects to improve. Materials and methods: Descriptive qualitative study with cross-sectional design, which identifies some of the most important characteristics of environmental management in hospitals. Results: The general approach to environmental management in hospitals is related to the management of solid waste, and other aspects that have a negative environmental impact on the surrounding areas, such as energy and water consumption, food handling and medication waste, among others, are not properly addressed. Conclusions: Hospitals can apply broader environmental management instruments, including life cycle analysis of their products and services and monitoring of the carbon footprint; they may also take into account the different areas of environmental impact of their operation.

Residuos hospitalarios: indicadores de tasas de generación en Bogotá, D.C. 2012-2015 / Hospital waste: Generation rates in Bogotá, 2012-2015

Resumen Introducción. La generación de residuos provenientes de actividades hospitalarias en grandes centros urbanos requiere de una gestión integral, la cual implica conocer sus características de producción. Objetivo. Establecer indicadores de desempeño en la gestión de residuos hospitalarios a partir de las tasas de generación y la clasificación de los residuos hospitalarios de Bogotá, D.C. del año 2012 al 2015. Materiales y métodos. El estudio fue cualitativo de corte descriptivo-prospectivo con diseño transversal y se realizó a partir de información secundaria obtenida de los hospitales en Colombia. Resultados. De acuerdo con la información analizada, entre los años 2012 y 2015 se generaron 2 727 947 toneladas de residuos hospitalarios en Bogotá, D.C., de los cuales 45% fueron residuos no peligrosos (reciclables y ordinarios) y 55% residuos peligrosos (infecciosos, químicos y peligrosos administrativos). Conclusiones. Las tasas de generación de residuos observadas superan el cálculo de 40% presentado por el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible y otras fuentes que reportan un porcentaje de 10-15% para residuos peligrosos.

Abstract Introduction: The generation of waste by hospital activities in large urban areas requires comprehensive management, which involves knowing its production characteristics. Objective: To establish performance indicators for the management of hospital waste based on generation rates and hospital waste classification in Bogotá D.C. in the period 2012 - 2015. Materials and methods: Qualitative descriptive-prospective study, with cross-sectional design performed based on secondary information obtained from hospitals in Colombia. Results: According to the information analyzed, between 2012 and 2015 2 727 947 tons of hospital waste were generated in Bogotá D.C; 45% of waste corresponded to non-hazardous waste (recyclable and ordinary) and 55% to hazardous waste (infectious, chemical and dangerous administrative waste). Conclusions: The waste generation rates observed exceed by 40% the calculation presented by the Ministry of Environment and other sources reporting a percentage of 10-15% for hazardous waste.

Aplicación de las metodologías EPA, mexicano e IPCC para la estimación de biogás, caso de estudio relleno sanitario Doña Juana, Bogotá - Colombia / Application of methodologies EPA, Mexican and IPCC for estimating biogas, a case study of the sanitary landfill Doña Juana, Bogota - Colombia

Objetivo: Realizar la comparación de las metodologías mexicano, EPA e IPCC para la estimación de biogás en un horizonte de predicción de 20 años, aplicado en un caso de estudio, en el relleno sanitario doña Juana, Bogotá, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo para el desarrollo de la predicción de las metodologías, examinando la información secundaria obtenida de los datos iniciales de producción de Biogás en el relleno sanitario, dentro de un fenómeno homogéneo. Resultados: La producción promedio de biogás (m3/año) para los métodos de mexicano, EPA e IPCC, es de 2.48E+05, 2.14E+05 y 6.71E+05, respectivamente. El método con menor desviación estándar y error cuadrático medio es el mexicano. Conclusiones: La aplicación de los modelos de la EPA, Mexicano e IPCC en la estimación del biogás en un relleno sanitario, considera que la tendencia de los dos primeros métodos expuestos, es exponencial decreciente, mientras que el IPPC presenta tendencia exponencial creciente, evaluados en un periodo de predicción de 20 años. Con la determinación de la cantidad de biogás por las diferentes metodologías, se reduce la posibilidad de exposición del riesgo de largo plazo de efectos adversos en la salud pública de la comunidad adyacente a los rellenos sanitarios.

Objective: Compare the Mexican, EPA and IPCC methodologies for estimating biogas in a prediction horizon of 20 years applied in a case study in the landfill Doña Juana in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: A descriptive study for the development of prediction methodologies was carried out by examining the secondary information obtained from the initial data biogas production in the landfill, within a homogeneous phenomenon. Results: The average production of biogas (m3 / year) for Mexican, EPA and IPCC methods is 2.48E + 05, 2.14e + 05 and 6.71E + 05, respectively. The method with lower standard deviation and root mean square error is the Mexican. Conclusions: The application of the EPA, Mexican and IPCC models in the estimation of biogas in a landfill, believes that the trend of the first two exposed methods exhibit is decreasing exponentially, while the IPPC has exponentially growing trend, evaluated for a prediction period of 20 years. With the determination of the amount of biogas by different methodologies, the possibility of exposure of risk in the long term with adverse effects on public health of the adjacent community landfills is reduced.

Dolor crónico no oncológico en adultos mayores de 65 años en CESFAM Llay-Llay / Chronic non-oncology pain in elderly over 65 years old at CESFAM Llay-Llay

Introducción: el Dolor Crónico No Oncológico(DCNO) es un problema frecuentemente enfrentado en consultas de atención primaria en salud. Se ha documentado que su prevalencia aumenta a medida que envejece la población. Constituye una causa importante de morbilidad y deterioro en la calidad de vida de quienes lo padecen, lo que genera altos costos económicos para el sistema de salud. En nuestro país no está evaluado este problema en atención rural de salud. Objetivos: Realizar una descripción epidemiológica del DCNC en adultos mayores beneficiarios del Centro de Salud Familiar de Llay-Llay.Materiales y métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario en base a la Encuesta Chilena de Dolor Crónico No Oncológico a 45 pacientes mayores de 65 años, que consultaron de forma espontánea en el policlínico de morbilidad de Centro de Salud Familiar de Llay-Llay durante los meses de enero y febrerode 2015. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de 62 por ciento de DCNO en la población estudiada, con intensidad moderada a severa en un 46,4 por ciento, la frecuencia de dolor con mayor referencia fue diario 42,9 por ciento, la localización más frecuente fue rodillas 53,6 por ciento, las causas etiológicas más frecuentemente referidas fueron poliartrosis 64,3 por ciento y lumbago crónico 14,3 por ciento. Se refirió por un 89,3 por ciento de los pacientes haber consultado a médico por dolor en el último año. Se refirió una alta prevalencia de sintomatología afectiva en relación al dolor (>40 por ciento).Conclusiones: El DCNO es un problema con alta prevalencia a nivel rural en personas mayores de 65 años, destaca una elevada etiología por poliartrosis, con percepción de deterioro de la calidad de vida. Es necesario proseguir con el estudio para sacar conclusiones definitivas.

Introduction: chronic noncancer pain (DCNO) is a problem frequently faced in primary care consultations. It had been documented that his prevalence increases as the population get older. It is an important cause of morbidityand deterioration in the life’s quality of whom they suffer it, which generates high economic costs for the system ofhealth. In our country this problem is not evaluated at rural health care. Objectives: To carry out an epidemiological description of DCNC in elderly beneficiaries of Centro de Salud Familiar de Llay-Llay. Materials and methods: A questionnaire was applied based on Encuesta Chilena de Dolor Crónico No Oncológico, 45 patients older than 65 years who consulted spontaneously in the polyclinic morbidity Centro de Salud Familiar de Llay- Llay , months January and February 2015. Results: We found a prevalence of 62 percent DCNO in the study population, with moderate to severe intensity in 46,4 percent, thehighest frequency of pain with daily reference was 42,9 percent, the most frequent location knees 53,6 percent, the etiological causes more often referred polyarthrosis were 64,3 percent and 14,3 percent Chronic lumbago. It was referred by 89,3 percent of patients have consulted doctor for pain in the past year. A high prevalence of affective symptoms in relation to pain was referred Conclusions: DCNO is a problem with high prevalence in rural areas in people over 65, stands high polyarthrosis etiology, with perception of deteriorating quality of life. It is necessary to continue the study to draw definitive conclusions.

Validación del cuestionario para graduación de dolor crónicoen pacientes chilenos con patología musculoesquelética / Validation of the graduation of chronic pain in patients with chilean musculoskeletal pathology

Introducción: el dolor crónico es una condición que afecta a 1 de cada 5 personas en el mundo, comprometiendo diferentes áreas de la calidad de vida. El cuestionario para graduación de dolor crónico (CGDC) fue desarrollado como una forma de evaluar y monitorear a estos pacientes, con altos niveles de fiabilidad y validez. Objetivos: Desarrollar una versión española del CGDC, adaptado culturalmente a Chile y determinar su validez y fiabilidad, en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile. Material y métodos: El cuestionario fue traducido y adaptado culturalmente de acuerdo a las recomendaciones internacionales. Se aplicó SF-36 v2.0 en 130 pacientes condolor musculoesquelético crónico (más de 6 meses). La fiabilidad se calculó con Alfa de Cronbach y el índice de validez se evaluó mediante la comparación de las respuestas de la CGDC para cada categoría con las subescalas del SF-36 v.2. Resultados: La versión chilena de la CGDC fue válida. Se obtuvieron altos niveles de confiabilidad con alfa de Cronbach> 0,7. Se observaron correlaciones significativas del SF -36,especialmente con las subescalas que tienen alta capacidad de medir el dolor y la salud física (p <0,01). Conclusiones: Los resultados presentados aquí confirman la fiabilidad y validez de la versión chilena del CGDC en la evaluación de pacientes con dolor musculoesquelético crónico.

Introduction: chronic pain is a condition that affectss 1 in every 5 people in the world, compromising different areas of quality of life. The Chronic Pain Graded questionnaire (CPG) was developed as a form to assess and monitor these patients, with high levels of reliability and validity. Objectives: To develop a spanish version of the chronic pain graded questionnaire, culturally adapted to Chile determine its reliability and convergent construct validity , in the University of Chile Clinical Hospital. Materials and Methods: The chronic pain graded questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted accordingt o international recommendations. It was applied with SF -36 v2.0 questionnaire in 130 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain (more than 6 months). The reliability was calculated with de Alpha the Cronbach Index and de validity was assessed by comparing the responses of the CPG for each category with the subscales of SF-36 v.2. Results: The Chilean version of the CBDC was valid. High levels of reliability was obtained with Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7. Compared with the SF -36 significant correlations were observed, especially with the SF -36 subscales having high ability to measure pain and physical health ( P < 0.01). Conclusions: The results presented here confirm the reliability and validity of the Chilean version of the chronic pain graded questionnaire in the evaluation of patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Enfoque psicoterapéutico integrativo multidimensional e intervenciones mente-cuerpo en el manejo del dolor crónico: un paso más allá de la terapia cognitivo-conductual / Multidimensional integrative psychoteraphy and mind-body interventions in cronic pain manegement: forwarding to cognitive-behavioral theraphy

El dolor crónico es un síndrome presente en muchas enfermedades crónicas, se acompaña de fenómenos desensibilización central y frecuentemente de síntomas de angustia, depresión, alteraciones del sueño, fatiga, fallasen la concentración y atención, y en disminución de las actividades de la vida diaria. El tratamiento del dolor crónicodebiese ser multimodal, en donde la psicoterapia tiene un papel importante. La terapia cognitivo-conductual ha demostrado ser eficaz en el manejo del dolor, pero su efecto es limitado y no considera el trabajo en el foco corporal ni relacional sistémico familiar. El enfoque psicoterapéutico integrativo-multidimensional aborda elementos cognitivos, conductuales, relacionales, dinámicos y sistémicos en un contexto individual, familiar y social, permitiendo una visión holística del problema del paciente. Las intervenciones mente-cuerpo trabajan en el cambio de la vivencia corporal en el aquí y ahora, y entregan herramientas de autogestiónpara que el paciente desarrolle. Al unir ambos enfoques integrativo multidimensional e intervenciones mente-cuerpo, el tratamiento y manejo del dolor se hace más eficaz. El objetivo del presente trabajo es proponer, desde un punto de vista cualitativo, un modelo de enfoque psicoterapéutico integrativo multidimensional e intervención mente-cuerpo en el manejo de los pacientes con dolor crónico.

Chronic pain syndrome is present in many chronic diseases, in which the pain is accompanied by central sensitization phenomena and often symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, fatigue, lapses in concentration and attention and reduced activity daily life. The treatment of chronic pain ought to be multimodal, where psychotherapy has an important role. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has proven effective in pain management, but its effect is limited and does not consider the work at home body or systemic relational focus. The multidimensional-integrative psychotherapy approach addresses cognitive, behavioral, relational, dynamic and systemic elements in an individual, family and social context, allowing a holistic view of the patient’s problem. The mind-body interventions work in change of body experience in the here and now provides tools for self-management for the patient develops. By joining both multidimensional integrative and interventions body-mind pain management it becomes more effective. The aim of this study is to propose a qualitatively multidimensional model of integrative psychotherapy approach and intervention mind and body in the chronic pain management.

Gestión ambiental de aguas residuales industriales con mercurio proveniente de la minería aurífera a nivel mundial: Estado del arte / Environmental management of industrial waste water with mercury from gold mining worldwide: State of art

Introducción: Dada la problemática social y ambiental generada por la minería aurífera artesanal y a pequeña escala (MAAPE), se lleva a cabo en el presente documento la revisión del estado del arte en cuanto a la gestión ambiental de aguas residuales con mercurio (Hg) a nivel mundial. Materiales y métodos: La revisión se realizó a partir de artículos científicos publicados durante los últimos cinco años, encontrando que las intervenciones para abordar los impactos por Hg en la MAAPE, se han enfocado en la creación de leyes de reducción y eliminación del uso del mercurio, las cuales han sido poco efectivas. Resultados: El 62% de los sitios evaluados, se encuentran en una categoría de gestión ambiental inexistente, el 8% se encuentra en etapa reactiva y el 31% en responsable, mientras que no se encontró ningún proceso en gestión proactiva o competitiva. De otra parte, se encontraron diversos estudios a nivel experimental sobre tratamientos de aguas residuales con Hg, que podrían ser adaptados a la gestión de los residuos líquidos provenientes de la MAAPE.

Introduction: Given the social and environmental problems caused by artisanal and small-scale gold mining (MAAPE), the review of the state of art was conducted in this paper in terms of environmental management of wastewater with mercury (Hg) worldwide. Materials and methods: The review was conducted from scientific articles published over the past five years. It was found that interventions to address the impacts by Hg in the MAAPE have been focused on the creation of laws to reduce and eliminate the use of mercury, which have been ineffective. Results: In this way, 62% of the tested sites are in a category of nonexistent environmental management, 8% is in reactive phase and 31% in charge phase, while no process was found in proactive or competitive management. Moreover, several experimental studies on wastewater treatment with Hg were found, which could be adapted to the management of liquid waste from the MAAPE found.

Validación primera encuesta chilena de dolor crónico no oncológico / Chilean validation survey of chronic non cancer pain

Existen escasos estudios sobre prevalencia de dolor crónico no oncológico en nuestro país. Objetivo: Realizar y presentar un instrumento validado que permita estimar la prevalencia y el impacto del dolor crónico no oncológico en Chile. Método: Se diseñó un instrumento basado en European Survey of Pain, Pain Survey U.S. Population, Canadian Chronic Pain Survey y la Encuesta Prevalencia de Dolor de la Federación Latinoamericana de Dolor. Se realizó una encuesta sobre teléfonos móviles, en un estudio piloto, en una muestra probabilística representativa a nivel nacional de 20 sujetos, mayores de 18 años de edad. Resultados: Se realizó un instrumento validado de 27 secciones, en el cual se determinó una prevalencia de 30,2 (IC95 por ciento: 22,5 – 37,4). Conclusiones: Presentamos un instrumento validado con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia y las características clínicas del dolor crónico no oncológico a nivel chileno...

There are few studies on the prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain in our country. Aim of Investigation: To make and present a validated instrument that will allow to estimate the prevalence and impact of chronic non-cancer pain in Chile. Methods: We designed an instrument based on the European Survey of Pain, the US Population-Based Pain Survey, the Canadian Chronic Pain Survey and the Latin American Federation of Pain Prevalence Survey. A cross sectional cell phone survey was conducted in a pilot study in a nationally representative probability sample of 20 subjects, over 18 years old. Results: We made a validated instrument of 27 sections, the prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain was 30.2 (95 percent CI 22.5 - 37.4). Conclusions: We present a validated instrument to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of non-cancer chronic pain in Chilean people...

[Mortality of acute pancreatitis in a 20 years period]. / Mortalidad de la pancreatitis aguda: experiencia de 20 años en el Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile.

BACKGROUND: Mortality for acute pancreatitis (AP) in Chile has fluctuated between 7 ana 10% in last years. AIM: To evaluate AP mortality over a period of 20 years in a clinical hospital in Santiago, Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of the database of hospital discharges with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, between 1990 and 2010 and the medical records of those patients. Age, gender, length of hospital stay, surgeries, percutaneous interventions and mortality were registered. To compare the evolution of the disease over time, patients were divided in two groups: those hospitalized between 1990 and 1999 and those hospitalized between 2000 and 2010. RESULTS: We reviewed the records of 1367 patients with a median age of 48 years (48% men). In the first period, 93 of 637 (14.6%) patients died, whereas in the second period, 22 of 730 patients died (3.0%). In the first and second period, 41.9 and 25.3% of patients were subjected to surgical procedures. The hospital stay was shorter in the second group, compared with the first (14.2 and 25.9 days respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There was a decrease in mortality caused by AP in the last 10 years, probably associated with a better interdisciplinary management of these patients.